THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A CLOSED-LOOP ECONOMY IN GERMANY AND KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

The article addresses the critical issues surrounding the formation and development of a closed-loop economy in both Germany and Kazakhstan. Its primary purpose is to determine the possibilities of implementing the Germany’s successful experience in Kazakhstan. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the system of German legislation related to waste management and circular economy principles, tracing its evolution over time. The main stages of the transition to a closed-loop economy in Germany are highlighted. Its high efficiency and key growth factors are shown. The article examines the current state of Kazakhstan’s transition towards a closed-loop economy. The peculiarities of the formation conditions and the main characteristics of the closed-cycle economy in Kazakhstan are revealed. The formation of the necessary legal framework is analyzed. The main problems of waste management are highlighted. A comparative analysis of the features of the transition to a closed-loop economy in Germany and Kazakhstan is carried out to identify the similarities and differences between the two countries' approaches, drawing attention to the lessons Kazakhstan can learn from Germany’s experience. Based on this analysis, the article proposes recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the formation of a circular economy in Kzakhstan taking into account the experience of Germany.